what is polygamy marriage

[48] In some areas this continued even after Christianization began, for instance the Brehon Laws of Gaelic Ireland explicitly allowed for polygamy,[49] [50] especially amongst the noble class. Google has many special features to help you find exactly what you're looking for. [126], The Torah contains a few specific regulations that apply to polygamy,[127] such as Exodus 21:10: "If he take another wife for himself; her food, her clothing, and her duty of marriage, shall he not diminish". Most typically, fraternal polyandry is practiced, but sometimes father and son have a common wife, which is a unique family structure in the world. [26], Polygyny may also result from the practice of levirate marriage. In Mauritius, polygamous unions have no legal recognition. [167] However, de facto polygamy or multiple cohabitation in and of itself is not a crime. The term polygamy is often used as a synonym The Parabhava Sutta states that "a man who is not satisfied with one woman and seeks out other women is on the path to decline". [44] Forms of marriage, in consequence, vary from country to country. pp. [145][146] In practice, however, the law is loosely enforced, primarily to avoid interference with Bedouin culture, where polygyny is practiced. He supported his premise by showing that their marriages, in which husband was the head, were arranged according to the rules of good management: those who are in command (quae principantur) in their society were always singular, while subordinates (subiecta) were multiple. The Bible often equates worshiping multiple gods, i.e. Polygamy usually takes the form of polygyny – when a man marries multiple women. Acknowledging that underage girls are sometimes coerced into polygamous marriages, Turley replied that "banning polygamy is no more a solution to child abuse than banning marriage would be a solution to spousal abuse".[180]. A marriage including multiple husbands and wives is a group marriage. [159] Specifically, reports to UN Committees have noted violations of ICCPR due to these inequalities[160] and reports to the UN General Assembly have recommended it be outlawed. In Islamic marital jurisprudence, under reasonable and warranted conditions, a Muslim man may have more than one wife at the same time, up to a total of four. 198–199. that the polygamist shall promise not to marry again as long as any of his wives at the time of his conversion are alive; that the receiving of such a polygamist has the consent of the local Anglican community; that such a polygamist shall not be compelled to put away any of his wives on account of the social deprivation they would suffer. However, many members of the Community of Christ and some of the groups that were formerly associated with it are not convinced that Joseph Smith practiced plural marriage and feel that the evidence that he did is flawed. However, in the case of a divorce or their husbands' death they can remarry after the completion of Iddah, as divorce is legal in Islamic law. According to him, these "unclear families" do not fit the mold of the monogamous nuclear family. The women remain in their maternal home, living with their brothers, and property is passed matrilineally. [156] It is mentioned in foreign writings, such as the letter of Tansar. [114][115] This permission is given to such women in verse 4:24 of Quran. [34], Fraternal polyandry was traditionally practiced among nomadic Tibetans in Nepal, parts of China and part of northern India, in which two or more brothers would marry the same woman. Federal legislation to outlaw the practice was endorsed as constitutional in 1878 by the Supreme Court in Reynolds v. United States, despite the religious objections of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (Mormons). "[89], Increasingly harsh anti-polygamy legislation in the US led some Mormons to emigrate to Canada and Mexico. He notes Dorjahn's (1959) comparison of East and West Africa, showing higher female agricultural contributions in East Africa and higher polygyny rates in West Africa, especially the West African savanna, where one finds especially high male agricultural contributions. [21] Drawing on the work of Ester Boserup, Goody notes that the sexual division of labour varies between the male-dominated intensive plough-agriculture common in Eurasia and the extensive shifting horticulture found in sub-Saharan Africa. This favours polygamous marriages in which men seek to monopolize the production of women "who are valued both as workers and as child bearers". By 1910 the LDS Church excommunicated those who entered into, or performed, new plural marriages. A hard-won lesson of Western history is that genuine democratic self-rule begins at the hearth of the monogamous family. The philistine should be glad if he gets whatever is left. Polygamy, marriage to more than one spouse at a time. [143] Ashkenazi Jews have continued to follow Rabbenu Gershom's ban since the 11th century. The most typical forms of polygamy have been polygyny, in which cowives share a husband, or polyandry, in which cohusbands share a wife. "[66] Such marriage was confirmed by the Saviour in the Gospel of Matthew (Mat 19:9) and by His presence at the wedding in Cana (John 2:2). Among other things, the 51-article bill would ban virginity certificates and crack down on polygamy and forced marriage, practices not formally attached to a religion. Rosie Wilby. The verse also emphasizes on transparency, mutual agreement and financial compensation as prerequisites for matrimonial relationship as opposed to prostitution; it says: Also (prohibited are) women already married, except those whom your right hands possess: Thus hath Allah ordained (Prohibitions) against you: Except for these, all others are lawful, provided ye seek (them in marriage) with gifts from your property,- desiring chastity, not lust, seeing that ye derive benefit from them, give them their dowers (at least) as prescribed; but if, after a dower is prescribed, agree Mutually (to vary it), there is no blame on you, and Allah is All-knowing, All-wise. Polygamy, more accurately polygyny, was practiced secretly by some Latter-day Saints from the 1830s until the 1850s, when the church admitted to the teaching after many … Many[quantify] Muslim-majority countries and some countries with sizable Muslim minorities accept polygyny to varying extents both legally and culturally; some secular countries like India also accept it to varying degrees. [67] In the Church—the City of God—marriage is a sacrament and may not and cannot be dissolved as long as the spouses live: "But a marriage once for all entered upon in the City of our God, where, even from the first union of the two, the man and the woman, marriage bears a certain sacramental character, can in no way be dissolved but by the death of one of them. [131] Despite these nuances to the biblical perspective on polygamy, many important figures had more than one wife, such as in the instances of Esau (Gen 26:34; 28:6-9),[128] Jacob (Gen 29:15-28),[128] Elkanah (1 Samuel 1:1-8),[128] David (1 Samuel 25:39-44; 2 Samuel 3:2-5; 5:13-16),[128] and Solomon (1 Kings 11:1-3). [125] In Sudan, the government encouraged polygyny in 2001 to increase the population. Like "monogamy", the term "polygamy" is often used in a de facto sense, applied regardless of whether a state recognizes the relationship. In some of the sparsely-populated regions where shifting cultivation takes place in Africa, women do much of the work. This is because, as explained above, the amounts which may be paid in respect of additional spouses are lower than those which generally apply to single claimants." "[68] In chapter 7, Augustine pointed out that the Roman Empire forbad polygamy, even if the reason of fertility would support it: "For it is in a man's power to put away a wife that is barren, and marry one of whom to have children. Even while allowing polygamy, the Bible presents monogamy as the plan that conforms most closely to God’s ideal for marriage. Israel has made polygamy illegal. Other forms of marriage are also present, like group marriage and monogamous marriage. Supporters of polygamy claim this indicates that the term refers to a physical, rather than spiritual,[clarification needed] union.[56]. [93], On 13 December 2013, US Federal Judge Clark Waddoups ruled in Brown v. Buhman that the portions of Utah's anti-polygamy laws which prohibit multiple cohabitation were unconstitutional, but also allowed Utah to maintain its ban on multiple marriage licenses. Constitution. [165], Polygamous marriages are not recognized in Russia. In Arabic, the term sharīʿah refers to God's (Arabic: الله Allāh) immutable divine law and is contrasted with fiqh, which refers to its human scholarly interpretations. The term polygamy is often used as a synonym for polygyny, which appears once to have been fairly common worldwide. 1. [169], Bigamy is illegal in the United Kingdom. [90], Enforcement of the 1890 Manifesto caused various splinter groups to leave the LDS Church in order to continue the practice of plural marriage. [63] Augustine relates to that: "On this account there is no True God of souls, save One: but one soul by means of many false gods may commit fornication, but not be made fruitful. [176][177], Authors such as Alyssa Rower and Samantha Slark argue that there is a case for legalizing polygamy on the basis of regulation and monitoring of the practice, legally protecting the polygamous partners and allowing them to join mainstream society instead of forcing them to hide from it when any public situation arises. The Roman Catholic Church condemns polygamy; the Catechism of the Catholic Church lists it in paragraph 2387 under the head "Other offenses against the dignity of marriage" and states that it "is not in accord with the moral law." What's a polygamist? 96–97) and Karaites interpret Exodus 21:10 to mean that a man can only take a second wife if he is capable of maintaining the same level of marital duties due to his first wife; the marital duties are 1) food, 2) clothing, and 3) sexual gratification. In Europe, this outcome was avoided through the social practice of impartible inheritance, under which most siblings would be disinherited. And in a place where it is customary to marry only one wife, he is not permitted to take another wife on top of his present wife. Maimonides, in his Mishneh Torah maintained that polygamous unions were permissible from a legal point of view, which was contrary to his personal opinion. "Polyamory", in Robert T. Francoeur and Raymond J. Noonan, eds., Three nights public discussion between the Revds. Céard is Sinnsreachd Ann? [184] The argument ran that after the war, 3 to 4 million women would have to remain unmarried due to the great number of soldiers fallen in battle. The Community of Christ, known as the Reorganized Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints (RLDS Church) prior to 2001, has never sanctioned polygamy since its foundation in 1860. For such reasons, senior wives sometimes work hard or contribute from their own resources to enable their husbands to accumulate the bride price for an extra wife. [25] Polyandry (especially fraternal polyandry) is also common among Buddhists in Bhutan, Ladakh, and other parts of the Indian subcontinent. Serial monogamy refers to remarriage after divorce or death of a spouse from a monogamous marriage, i.e. This is based on verse 4:3 of Quran which says: If ye fear that ye shall not be able to deal justly with the orphans, Marry women of your choice, Two or three or four; but if ye fear that ye shall not be able to deal justly (with them), then only one, or one that your right hands possess, that will be more suitable, to prevent you from doing injustice. This page was last edited on 12 March 2021, at 19:11. [25] As such, they are similar to the household formations created through divorce and serial monogamy. ", "Minister sues Mich. for right to marry same-sex couples", 5 Things I Learned as a Mormon Polygamous Wife, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Polygamy&oldid=1011773466, Articles containing Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text, Wikipedia articles needing factual verification from August 2013, Articles to be expanded from December 2015, Articles with multiple maintenance issues, Articles with unsourced statements from February 2019, Wikipedia articles needing clarification from February 2016, Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from October 2019, Articles with unsourced statements from February 2021, Articles lacking reliable references from December 2013, Articles with self-published sources from December 2017, Articles with dead external links from October 2019, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. When a woman is married to more than one husband at a time, it is called polyandry. A non-Muslim woman who flees from her non-Muslim husband and accepts Islam has the option to remarry without divorce from her previous husband, as her marriage with non-Muslim husband is Islamically dissolved on her fleeing. Muhammad was monogamously married to Khadija, his first wife, for 25 years, until she died. [87] In 1862, Congress issued the Morrill Anti-Bigamy Act which clarified that the practice of polygamy was illegal in all US territories. For instance, Mswati III, the Christian king of Swaziland, has 15 wives. Smith served many missions to the western United States, where he met with and interviewed associates and women claiming to be widows of his father, who attempted to present him with evidence to the contrary. He stated: Marriage, as its ultramodern critics would like to say, is indeed about choosing one's partner, and about freedom in a society that values freedom. Please expand the article to include this information. But, that the laws of the Gentiles are otherwise, who is there that knows not. [41], Group marriage is a non-monogamous marriage-like arrangement where three or more adults live together, all considering themselves partners, sharing finances, children, and household responsibilities. [79] Despite Smith's revelation, the 1835 edition of the 101st Section of the Doctrine and Covenants, written after the doctrine of plural marriage began to be practiced, publicly condemned polygamy. [43], Buddhism does not regard marriage as a sacrament - it is purely a secular affair, and normally Buddhist monks do not participate in it (though in some sects priests and monks do marry). [37] A similar form of matrilineal, de facto polyandry can be found in the institution of walking marriage among the Mosuo tribe of China. Founded in 2005, Mormon Stories podcast is the longest running and most popular Mormon-themed podcast. Several Mormon fundamentalist groups claim lineage through the Council of Friends, including but not limited to, the Fundamentalist Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints (FLDS Church), the Apostolic United Brethren, the Centennial Park group, the Latter Day Church of Christ, and the Righteous Branch of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. In order to make it possible for these women to have children, a procedure for application and selection for suitable men (i.e. Polygamy in all its forms is a recipe for social structures that inhibit and ultimately undermine social freedom and democracy. "[137] The BT during a discussion of Levirate marriage in Yevamot 65a appears to repeat the precedent found in Exodus 21:10: "Raba said: a man may marry wives in addition to the first wife; provided only that he possesses the means to maintain them". [178][179], In an October 2004 op-ed for USA Today, George Washington University law professor Jonathan Turley argued that, as a simple matter of equal treatment under the law, polygamy ought to be legal. Our editors will review what you’ve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. [42] The term does not refer to bigamy as no claim to being married in formal legal terms is made. Most notable in the rabbinic period on the issue of polygamy, though more specifically for Ashkenazi Jews, was the synod of Rabbeinu Gershom. Some pre-Christian Celtic pagans were known to practice polygamy, although the Celtic peoples wavered between it, monogamy and polyandry depending on the time period and area. The Quran does not give preference in marrying more than one wife. K. Groves, M.A., Assisted By Charles Townley, LL.D., and Mr. Luddy. He says that Britons may have ex‑wives or ex‑brothers‑in‑law, but not an ex‑child. [157], For those who were the most virtuous and pious, he chose out princesses, that all might desire virtue and chastity. For example, during the Protestant Reformation, in a document referred to simply as "Der Beichtrat" (or "The Confessional Advice" ),[58] Martin Luther granted the Landgrave Philip of Hesse, who, for many years, had been living "constantly in a state of adultery and fornication",[59] a dispensation to take a second wife. "[69], The Council of Trent condemns polygamy: "If any one saith, that it is lawful for Christians to have several wives at the same time, and that this is not prohibited by any divine law; let him be anathema.."[70], In modern times a minority of Roman Catholic theologians have argued that polygamy, though not ideal, can be a legitimate form of Christian marriage in certain regions, in particular Africa. [109], The Hindu Marriage Act was enacted in 1955 by the Indian Parliament and made polygamy illegal for everyone in India except for Muslims. In such cases, the deceased man's heir may inherit his assets and wife; or, more usually, his brothers may marry the widow. [23]:873, An analysis by James Fenske (2012) found that child mortality and ecologically-related economic shocks had a significant association with rates of polygamy in subsaharan Africa, rather than female agricultural contributions (which are typically relatively small in the West African savanna and sahel, where polygyny rates are higher), finding that polygyny rates decrease significantly with child mortality rates. Marriage: a union representing a special kind of social and legal partnership between two people. [141][142] Some Sephardic Jews such as Abraham David Taroç, were known to have several wives. It extends the definition of polygamy to having any kind of conjugal union with more than one person at the same time. [86]:128 Controversy followed when polygamy became a social cause, writers began to publish works condemning polygamy. [n 1] In sociobiology and zoology, researchers use polygamy in a broad sense to mean any form of multiple mating. It is most common in societies marked by high male mortality. [32] For example, in the Himalayan Mountains polyandry is related to the scarcity of land; the marriage of all brothers in a family to the same wife allows family land to remain intact and undivided. Polygamy is an offence punishable by up to five years in prison. For struggle and love belong together. Also anyone who assists, celebrates, or is a part to a rite, ceremony, or contract that sanctions a polygamist relationship is guilty of polygamy. Based on verse 30:21 of Quran the ideal relationship is the comfort that a couple find in each other's embrace: And among His Signs is this, that He created for you mates from among yourselves, that ye may dwell in tranquillity with them, and He has put love and mercy between your (hearts): verily in that are Signs for those who reflect. [25], In monogamous societies, wealthy and powerful men established enduring relationships with, and established separate household for, multiple female partners, aside from their legitimate wives; a practice accepted in Imperial China up until the Qing Dynasty of 1636–1912. In the Western world, monogamous marriage between two spouses is the most common form of marriage. [15][16][17], Polygyny is more widespread in Africa than on any other continent,[18][19] especially in West Africa, and some scholars see the slave trade's impact on the male-to-female sex ratio as a key factor in the emergence and fortification of polygynous practices in regions of Africa. Polygamist churches of Mormon origin are often referred to as "Mormon fundamentalist" even though they are not a part of the LDS Church. The truth is that the story of polygamy in the Old Testament is, well, a problem. [94][unreliable source? According to Vishnu Smriti, the number of wives is linked to the knowledge system: Now a Brāhmaṇa may take many wives in the direct order of the (four) knowledge;A Kshatriya means warrior knowledge, three;A Vaishya means business knowledge, two;A Shudra means cleaning knowledge, one only[105], This linkage of the number of permitted wives to the knowledge system is also supported by Baudhayana Dharmasutra and Paraskara Grihyasutra. Anthropologists Douglas R. White and Michael L. Burton discuss and support Jack Goody's observation regarding African male farming systems in "Causes of Polygyny: Ecology, Economy, Kinship, and Warfare"[23]:884 where these authors note: Goody (1973) argues against the female contributions hypothesis. Also in paragraph 1645 under the head "The Goods and Requirements of Conjugal Love" states "The unity of marriage, distinctly recognized by our Lord, is made clear in the equal personal dignity which must be accorded to husband and wife in mutual and unreserved affection. polygamy definition: 1. the fact or custom of being married to more than one person at the same time 2. the fact or…. [181], In January 2015, Pastor Neil Patrick Carrick of Detroit, Michigan, brought a case (Carrick v. Snyder) against the State of Michigan that the state's ban of polygamy violates the Free Exercise and Equal Protection Clause of the U.S. And I know through many things it did. Corrections? Nevertheless, some Christians groups in different periods have practiced, or currently do practice, polygamy. No. In 1890, LDS Church president Wilford Woodruff issued a public declaration (the Manifesto) announcing that the LDS Church had discontinued new plural marriages. In Sri Lanka, polyandry was legal in the kingdom of Kandy, but outlawed by British after conquering the kingdom in 1815. Non-fraternal polyandry occurs when the wives' husbands are unrelated, as among the Nayar tribe of India, where girls undergo a ritual marriage before puberty,[36] and the first husband is acknowledged as the father of all her children. [106][107], The Apastamba Dharmasutra and Manusmriti allow a second wife if the first one is unable to discharge her religious duties or is unable to bear a child or have any dispute because in Hinduism there was no law for divorce. [153] However, tradition holds that Zoroaster had three wives. [133] Michael Coogan, in contrast, states that "Polygyny continued to be practiced well into the biblical period, and it is attested among Jews as late as the second century CE". The family of the late wife, in other words, must provide a replacement for her, thus maintaining the marriage alliance. [84] On 7 June 1844 the Nauvoo Expositor criticized Smith for plural marriage. Polyamory is on a continuum of family-bonds that includes group marriage. Call us at 1-800-449-2323 Arranged alliances. as having sex with inappropriate partners. For a popular press angle, see e.g. Instead, each one is entitled to her own household".[139]. However, same-sex marriage may instigate new forms of polygamy. Bob Simpson, the British social anthropologist, notes that it creates an "extended family" by tying together a number of households, including mobile children. [170] De facto polygamy (having multiple partners at the same time) is not a criminal offence, provided the person does not register more than one marriage at the same time. See more. In 2017, two Canadian religious leaders were found guilty of practicing polygamy by the Supreme Court of British Columbia. The Smoot Hearings in 1904, which documented that the LDS Church was still practicing polygamy spurred the LDS Church to issue a Second Manifesto again claiming that it had ceased performing new plural marriages. [165] Both of them are former bishops of the Mormon denomination of the Fundamentalist Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints (FLDS). [144] Some Mizrahi Jewish communities (particularly Yemenite Jews and Persian Jews) discontinued polygyny more recently, after they immigrated to countries where it was forbidden or illegal. Worldwide, different societies variously encourage, accept or outlaw polygamy. [51] Some modern Celtic pagan religions accept the practice of polygamy to varying degrees,[52] though how widespread the practice is within these religions is unknown. [175], Individualist feminism and advocates such as Wendy McElroy and journalist Jillian Keenan support the freedom for adults to voluntarily enter polygamous marriages. Even in countries where civil or religious law allows polygamy, the Church teaches that marriage must be monogamous and does not accept into its membership those practicing plural marriage” (“What Are People … [38], According to Danish scholar Miriam K. Zeitzen, anthropologists treat serial monogamy, in which divorce and remarriage occur, as a form of polygamy as it also can establish a series of households that may continue to be tied by shared paternity and shared income. In biblical times it was common to find the custom of having more than one wife or husband at the same time. [75] The Lutheran Church in Liberia, however, does not permit polygamists who have become Christians to marry more wives after they have received the sacrament of Holy Baptism. This scripture was used by John Taylor in 1850 to quash Mormon polygamy rumors in Liverpool, England. But that's not the only thing it is about. [24], Polygynous marriages fall into two types: sororal polygyny, in which the co-wives are sisters, and non-sororal, where the co-wives are not related. When a man is married to more than one wife at the same time, sociologists call this polygyny. Polyandry in Tibet was common traditionally,[clarification needed] as was polygyny, and having several wives or husbands was never regarded[by whom?] All the wives are friends and are to be treated as equals. [128] Deut 21:15–17, states that a man must award the inheritance due to a first-born son to the son who was actually born first, even if he hates that son's mother and likes another wife more;[129] and Deut 17:17 states that the king shall not have too many wives. decorated war heroes) to enter a marital relationship with an additional woman was planned. [164] In Canada, the federal Criminal Code applies throughout the country. "[65], Augustine saw marriage as a covenant between one man and one woman, which may not be broken. Although the New Testament is largely silent on polygamy, some point to Jesus's repetition of the earlier scriptures, noting that a man and a wife "shall become one flesh". [163], Canada has taken a strong stand against polygamy, and the Canadian Department of Justice has argued that polygyny is a violation of International Human Rights Law, as a form of gender discrimination. It takes place only in remote communities. For, as it is written, 'The two will become one flesh.'" [55] However, some look to Paul's writings to the Corinthians: "Do you not know that he who is joined to a prostitute becomes one body with her? The Dharmashastras permit a man to marry women provided that the first wife agree to marry him. Myanmar outlawed polygyny from 2015. Perhaps you've found yourself in an unhappy marriage, merely enduring a … On the contrary, he argued that the polygamy of the Fathers, which was tolerated by the Creator because of fertility, was a diversion from His original plan for human marriage. Polygamy definition is - marriage in which a spouse of either sex may have more than one mate at the same time. They were: Mahisi who was the chief consort, Parivrkti who had no son, Vaivata who is considered the favorite wife and the Palagali who was the daughter of the last of the court officials. Polyandry, which refers to wives having more than one husband, is even rarer than polygamy and mostly documented among small and relatively isolated communities around the world.While polygamy laws are usually skewed … ¿Está demostrado que el ser humano es monógamo por naturaleza? The rabbinical era that began with the destruction of the second temple in Jerusalem in 70 CE saw a continuation of some degree of legal acceptance for polygamy. In a written answer to the House of Commons, "In Great Britain, polygamy is only recognized as valid in law in circumstances where the marriage ceremony has been performed in a country whose laws permit polygamy and the parties to the marriage were domiciled there at the time. [130], The Torah may distinguish concubines and "sub-standard" wives with the prefix "to" (e.g., lit. Hosted by Dr. John Dehlin (Clinical/Counseling Psychology), Mormon Stories podcast seeks to understand, explore, challenge, and improve the Mormon experience through stories. Show all statistics (9) One reason cited for polygyny is that it allows a man to give financial protection to multiple women, who might otherwise not have any support (e.g. [74], The Lutheran World Federation hosted a regional conference in Africa, in which the acceptance of polygamists into full membership by the Lutheran Church in Liberia was defended as being permissible. In Sub-Saharan Africa, there has often been tension between the Christian insistence on monogamy and traditional polygamy. Be on the lookout for your Britannica newsletter to get trusted stories delivered right to your inbox. Even so, many plural husbands and wives continued to cohabit until their deaths in the 1940s and 1950s. [76] Evangelical Lutheran missionaries in Maasai also tolerate the practice of polygamy and in Southern Sudan, some polygamists are becoming Lutheran Christians. (Romans 13:1) St Peter concurs when he says to "submit yourselves for the Lord's sake to every authority instituted among men: whether to the king, as the supreme authority, or to governors, who are sent by him to punish those who do wrong and to commend those who do right." The chief consort had to be of an equal knowledge.
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