senegal sprache wolof
Cassava is also grown, but it has been a source of income for the Wolof farmers. These laws were evaded. [7][8][9] Wolofs joined the various competing Sufi Muslim movements in the 20th century, particularly those belonging to the Mouride and Tijaniyyah Islamic brotherhoods. Wolof belongs to the West-Atlantic group of the Niger-Congo family (like Fulfulde). Each compound has either round or square huts made from adobe-like mud-millet stalk walls and thatched roofs with a conical shape. Members of neighboring groups are often bilingual and can understand Wolof. In the pre-colonial era, slaves were either born or acquired through purchase or capture. User lists with this item Cheikh Anta Diop (207 items) by quince3800 updated 2011-01-17. [33] The castes, states David Gamble, were associated with ideas of relative purity/impurity. [29][31] Caste status has been hereditary, and endogamy among the men and women of a particular caste status has been an enduring feature among the Wolof people, according to Leonardo Villalón, a professor of Political Science and African Studies. Cattle are also raised, not for food, but milk, tilling the land, and as a reserve of wealth. Pathé Diagne: Grammaire de Wolof Moderne. He was called Ndyadyane Ndyaye, and his descendants were called Ndiayes or Njie, and these led to ruling families of Wolof, Mali, and Morocco, according to this mythical legend. Sondern wird von den Einheimischen mit weiteren Volkssprachen vermischt. [6], The Senegalese Sufi Muslim brotherhoods appeared in the Wolof communities in the 19th century and grew in the 20th. [42], A village is headed by a chief, called the borom dekk. [42][43], Marriages are endogamous. Wolof ist die am meisten verbreitete Sprache des Senegal und die eigentliche ⦠Thereafter, the greatest concentration of speakers are in Gambia, where it is popular in the capital Banjul. Wolof is spoken by nearly 4 million first-language speakers, in at least six territories. A compound is sometimes fenced with a hedge made from reeds or millet-stalk. Carolina Academic Press, 2005. The Wolof orthography, unique to this volume, is specially designed to be user-friendly for English speakers. Was den Senegal als afrikanisches Land und ehemalige Kolonie so besonders macht, ist die Wichtigkeit der einheimischen Sprachen. Wolof /ËwoÊlÉf/ is a language of Senegal, the Gambia and Mauritania, and the native language of the Wolof people. Wolof is a language of Senegal, The Gambia, and Mauritania, and the native language of the Wolof people.Like the neighbouring languages Serer and Fula, it belongs to the Senegambian branch of the NigerâCongo language family.Unlike most other languages of Sub-Saharan Africa, Wolof is not a tonal language.. Wolof originated as the language of the Lebou people. [41][42], A single compound may have multiple huts, with a patrilocal male as its head, with a different wife and her children in each hut in polygynous households. Wolof / Ë w oÊ l É f / is a language of Senegal, the Gambia and Mauritania, and the native language of the Wolof people.Like the neighbouring languages Serer and Fula, it belongs to the Senegambian branch of the NigerâCongo language family.Unlike most other languages of the Niger-Congo family, Wolof is not a tonal language.. [7] Ira Lapidus, a professor of Middle Eastern and Islamic History, states that the early-19th-century Senegambian fighters "swept through Senegambia burning villages, killing pagans and enslaving their enemies," and were responsible for the conversion of substantial numbers of Wolof to Islam. However, religious practice often contains local elements. [5] They refer to themselves as Wolof and speak the Wolof language, in the West Atlantic branch of the NigerâCongo family of languages. Look up the German to English translation of Wolof in the PONS online dictionary. Gambia, The Guinea-Bissau Mali Mauritania Senegal Languages related to Wolof. Français : Langue wolof. [7] However, historical evidence left by Islamic scholars and European travelers suggest that Wolof kings and warriors did not convert to Islam in the beginning and for many centuries while accepting and relying on Muslim clerics as counselors and administrators. They are also referred to as the Wollof, Jolof, Iolof, Whalof, Ialof, Olof, and Volof, among other spellings. (Die Grenzen meiner Sprache bedeuten die Grenzen meiner Welt.). [46] The slaves could not marry without the permission of their owner, and it was usually the responsibility of the slave owner to arrange the marriage of or among his slaves. [42][48] Wolof farmers raise chickens and goats, and dried or smoked fish purchased, both a part of their diet. While only ever consolidated into a single state structure for part of this time, the tradition of governance, caste, and culture of the Wolof dominate the history of north-central Senegal for much of the last 800 years. Europäische Hochschulschriften Band 90. [41], Wolof villages consist of a cluster of compounds. Millet has been the typical staple, while rice a secondary staple when rains are plenty. [6][7] The Wolof belonged to the medieval-era Wolof Empire of the Senegambia region. [19], The Portuguese had begun purchasing slaves from Senegambia ports and caravan traders coming through the Wolof people lands before the 18th century. However, Wolof language and culture have a disproportionate influence because of their prevalence in Banjul, the Gambian capital, where a majority of the population is Wolof. Social relationships within a village are based on hierarchy, while disputes are typically settled with intermediaries and Muslim tribunals headed by an Islamic judge called a qadi. Things to Check Out (90 items) by nanaaba updated 2010-04-29. Wolof-Sprache; Wolof; Senegal -- Nord; Wolof. Allerdings ist der Schulunterricht größtenteils auf Französisch. The position of king was held by the Burba Wolof, and the rulers of the other component states owed loyalty and tribute payments to him. [38] According to Victoria B. Coifman, a professor of Afro-American and African studies, historical evidence suggests that the Wolof people were a matrilineal society before the 14th-century. Tal Tamari, an anthropological researcher at the Centre national de la recherche scientifique (CNRS) in Paris, suggests that a corollary of the rising slavery system was the development and growth of a caste system among Wolofs by the 15th century, and other ethnic groups of Africa by about the 13th century. Wolof ist die am meisten verbreitete Sprache des Senegal und die eigentliche Verkehrssprache Senegals. Wolof et sérèr; études de phonétique et de grammaire descriptive,. Die Sprache und Kultur der Wolof im Senegal (mit angeschlossenem Lehrbuch Wolof). Some villages in contemporary times share agricultural machinery and sell the peanut harvest as a cooperative. Slave raiding, just to obtain slaves for sale, was another significant source of slaves in Wolof territories. [42], Those Wolof people who are of artisan castes work on metal, weave and dye textiles, produce leather goods, make pottery and baskets, tailor clothes, produce thatch and perform such economic activity. Wolof [wÉlÉf] ist eine Sprache der Wolof aus dem nördlichen Zweig der westatlantischen Sprachfamilie, einer Untergruppe der Niger-Kongo-Sprachen. The Wolof people (UK: /ËwoÊlÉf/)[3][4] are a West African ethnic group found in northwestern Senegal, the Gambia, and southwestern coastal Mauritania. The quality of care is quite good in hospitals located in large cities; however urgent care may not always be provided and you have to pay for a significant amount of money to be able to access most medical services (you will usually have to pay cash rather than by credit card). The slave owner and his descendants also had a right to have sex with slave women owned by the household. The Wolof Empire was a medieval West African state that ruled parts of Senegal and The Gambia from approximately 1350 to 1890. Definition The maps in the 2005 language data series are made from data on the number of people speaking a language as their first-language, that is the language they would use at home. Unlike most other languages of Sub-Saharan Africa, Wolof is not a tonal language. In some cases, missing data for very small territories is not used in the cartogram and that area is therefore omitted in the map. [19] However, the social distinctions between the freeborn and the slaves remained strong, during the colonial rule, and even after the two nations gained their independence from the colonial rule.[19]. Both have traditionally been hereditary castes. It is also spoken around the southern coastal regions of Mauritania. [42], While slavery is illegal in contemporary African societies, it was common in the history of Wolof people and among the elite castes. It is spoken by about 3.5 million people, mostly in Senegal, where it is the main African language. Die Sprache und Kultur der Wolof im Senegal (mit angeschlossenem Lehrbuch Wolof)", Europäische Hochschulschriften Band 90, Peter Lang Verlagsgruppe, Frankfurt am Main, Germany 2003, ISBN 3-631-39815-8. Wolof smiths produce tools for agriculture, while another group works on gold jewelry. Das verwehrt vielen eine gute Bildung. Wolof dialects vary geographically and between rural and urban areas. Where Wolof is spoken. [36], The geer or "freeborn" too had a hierarchical structure. [42], Wolof society is patrilineal, and agricultural land is inherited by the landowning caste. Women also plant, weed, harvest crops and collect firewood. [5][6] In the Gambia, about 16% of the population are Wolof. [33][34] Their inherited inferiority has been culturally stated to be close to those of slaves (jaams or kaals). Divorce is quite common in the Wolof society and according to the Islamic tenets. The country has a population of over 15.41 million individuals. [42][44] Dowry among the Wolof people is paid in the form of a brideprice. African Choirs singing in Wolof About Press Copyright Contact us Creators Advertise Developers Terms Privacy Policy & Safety How YouTube works Test new features © 2021 Google LLC During European expansion into Africa, Senegal came under the control of various countries, including the Netherlands, Portugal, Great Britain, and France. The limits of my language mean the limits of my world. Purchase map use license. Its final demise at the hands of French colonial forces in the 1870sâ1890s also marks the beginning of the formation of Senegal as a unified state. It is the most widely spoken language in Senegal, spoken natively by the Wolof people (40% of the population) but also by most other Senegalese as a second language. [7][8][9] Contemporary Wolofs are predominantly Sufi Muslims belonging to Mouride and Tijaniyyah Islamic brotherhoods. We aim to map as complete data as possible and therefore estimate data for missing values. [25], In the 20th century, Ahmadiyya and Methodist missionaries opened offices in contemporary Senegambia, but very few Wolof have become members of these.[26]. Pape Amadou Gaye: Wolof: An Audio-Aural Approach. [7] In the 19th century, as the colonial French forces launched a war against the Wolof kingdoms, the Wolof people resisted the French and converted to Islam. Slaves acquired by kidnapping, purchase or as captives of war were called jaam say in the Wolof society. [22], In and after the 18th century, the Wolofs were impacted by the violent jihads in West Africa, which triggered internal disagreements among the Wolof on Islam. Langues nationales au Sénégal, no 77 The Wolof or Jolof Empire, a medieval West African successor of the Mali Empire from the 14th to 16th centuries in present-day Senegal The Wolof or Jolof Kingdom, a rump survival of the earlier empire in the same area from the 16th to the 19th centuries Wolof language, a language spoken in Senegal, Gambia, and Mauritania By the early 18th-century, all sorts of charges and petty crimes resulted in the accused being punished for the slave strata. Insgesamt sprechen inzwischen etwa 10 % der Bevölkerung fließend Französisch, während 21 % es teilweise verstehen und auch spre⦠[24] The assaults of the 18th and 19th century jihads, states Lapidus, paved the way for massive conversions to Islam, yet not a nearly universal conversion. In Mauritania, about 8% of the population are Wolof. In the Gambia, they are a minority. Wolof / Ë w oÊ l É f / is a language of Senegal, the Gambia and Mauritania, and the native language of the Wolof people.Like the neighbouring languages Serer and Fula, it belongs to the Senegambian branch of the NigerâCongo language family.Unlike most other languages of the Niger-Congo family, Wolof is not a tonal language.. A major source of slaves sold by Wolof elites, and of Wolof slaves, were the war captives taken during the wars between the ethnic groups in West Africa. Unlike most other languages of the Niger-Congo family, Wolof ⦠The chief has been the tribute (tax) collector and the interface between the kingdom officials and the villagers. Roughly 36% of the population there speak it as a first language. Bis heute wird im Senegal auf Französisch unterrichtet, obwohl viele Schüler eigentlich Wolof sprechen. Creative Commons Attribution - Non Commercial - ShareAlike 4.0 International License. Grammar. [35], Slaves have historically been a separate, endogamous group in the Wolof society. Wolof is a language of Senegal. Sie ist heute die Amtssprache des Senegal und damit Sprache der weiterführenden Schulen, des Parlamentes und der Gerichte.Auch Literatur, Musik und Kino des Landes bedienen sich überwiegend des Französischen. Die französische Sprache wurde während der Kolonialzeit des Landes eingeführt. Falola, Toyin; Salm, Steven J. Urbanization and African cultures. Wolof; Wolof, Lebou; Work with GRN on this language [13]) The spelling Jolof is also often used, but in particular reference to the Jolof Empire and Jolof Kingdom that existed in central Senegal from the 14th to the 19th centuries. Jump to navigation Jump to search. Data sources This map uses data several sources, the main one being Ethnologue (15th Edition, 2005). [21], The pre-Islamic religious traditions of Wolof are unknown, and neither written nor oral traditions about their traditional religion are available. [20] The transatlantic demand for slaves in British, French, Dutch and Portuguese colonies, as well as American plantations, along with lucrative prices for slaves increased the economic incentive to scale up the violence as well as the sale of slaves from the social strata within the Wolof society. Wolof originated as the language of the Lebu people. Ich denke, dass die Autorin selbst nie die Grundbildung der Basis Sprache Wolof oder es in der Schule gelernt hat. [6][10][11] The Wolof were close to the French colonial rulers, became integrated into the colonial administration, and have dominated the culture and economy of Senegal since the country's independence.[12]. Wolof is the name of the native language of the Wolof people. The language numbers we use and publish are rough estimates, and should not be taken as definitive. Religious and political functions have been the domain of men, while women typically keep the household, bring water from their sources such as wells or nearby rivers. The earliest documented mention of the Wolof is found in the records of 15th-century, Portuguese-financed Italian traveller Alvise Cadamosto, who mentioned well-established Islamic Wolof chiefs advised by Muslim counselors. The Wolof people are the largest ethnic group in Senegal, particularly concentrated in its northwestern region near the Senegal River and the Gambia River. [39][40], The Wolof are primarily rural (~75%), living in small villages. Similarly, a West African rice dish is known in English as Jollof rice. Since the colonial era, peanuts have been the primary cash crop. [15], With the Arab conquests of West Africa in last centuries of the 1st millennium CE, one theory states that the Wolof people were forced to move into north and east Senegal where over time villages developed into autonomous states such as Baol, Kayor, Saloum, Dimar, Walo, and Sine the overall ruling state being that of Jolof who came together voluntarily to form the Jolof Empire. [23] The West African jihads that involved the Wolof and other ethnic groups started early and often inspired by militant reformers such as those of the 15th century. [citation needed]. [6], The Wolof people, like other West African ethnic groups, historically maintained a rigid, endogamous social stratification that included nobility, clerics, castes, and slaves. A mysterious person arose from the lake to settle the dispute. From Wikimedia Commons, the free media repository. [38] She places the development and spread of castes in these societies to about the 10th century, because slave capture, slave trade, and slave holding by elite families across the Sahel, West Africa, and North Africa was an established institution by then, and slavery created a template for servile relationships and social stratification. In Senegal, the Wolof are the largest ethnic group (~43.3%), while elsewhere they are a minority. Wolof unterteilt sich in keine Dialekte wie z.B. PDF | On Jan 1, 2010, Cheikh M. Bamba Dione and others published Design and Development of Part-of-Speech-Tagging Resources for Wolof (Niger-Congo, spoken in Senegal). Arame Fal, Rosine Santos, Jean Léonce Doneux: Dictionnaire wolof-français (suivi d'un index français-wolof). Wolof dialects vary geographically and between rural and urban areas. Senegal is located along the coast of western Africa, where it occupies a total area of 75,951 square miles. Wolof Definition: a member of a people of W Africa living chiefly in Senegal | Bedeutung, Aussprache, Übersetzungen und Beispiele The villagers detained him; he settled among them and became the one who settled disputes and sovereign authority. Geschätzte 95 % der Bevölkerung verstehen Wolof. Like the neighbouring languages Serer and Fula , it belongs to the Senegambian branch of the NigerâCongo language family . [29] Slaves were either inherited by birth in the Wolof society, or were kidnapped, purchased as children from desperate parents during difficult times such as famine, or slavery was imposed by the village elders as a punishment for offenses. Get this from a library! Diese ist nicht mal zum Teil richtig. The slavery system was abolished in Wolof lands and its end enforced after the 1890s by the British and French colonial authorities when they began ruling the Gambia and Senegal directly, the two major parts where the Wolof people are found. The vast majority are in Senegal, and most of those who donât speak it as a first language in Senegal speak it ⦠[15] Archeological artifacts have been discovered in Senegal and the Gambia, such as pre-historic pottery, the 8th-century stones, and 14th-century burial mounds, but, states Gamble, these provide no evidence that links them exclusively to the Wolof ethnic group. [32], The castes have also been hierarchal, with lowest level being those of griots. This role belongs to a caste and has been hereditary. [14], The origins of the Wolof people are obscure, states David Gamble, a professor of anthropology and African studies specializing in Senegambia. The vast majority are in Senegal, and most of those who don’t speak it as a first language in Senegal speak it as a second language. [7], According to David Gamble, the pre-Islamic beliefs of Wolof may be reflected and absorbed in the Sufi beliefs about good and bad spirits (jinn), amulets, dances, and other rituals. Wolof is spoken by more than 5 million people in the Gambia, Senegal, and Mauritania. Wolof: Wolof làkk. By the end of the 15th century, the Wolof states of Jolof, Kayor, Baol, and Walo had become united in a federation with Jolof as the metropolitan power. [45] The dower is the property of the woman upon the consummation of the marriage. At the top were the royal rulers, below them were the regionally or locally dominant noble lineages who controlled territories and collected tribute, and below them were commoner freeborn called the baadoolo or "lacking power". Auch wenn Französisch die offizielle Amtssprache ist, sprechen die meisten Leute untereinander Wolof.Ungefähr 90 Prozent der Bevölkerung sind dieser Sprache mächtig. Its first recorded settlements date back to the 7th century. Includes high-resolution map. Like the neighbouring languages Serer and Fula, it belongs to the Senegambian branch of the NigerâCongo language family. At least 50% of Senegal's population are native speakers of Wolof. Clic this link to see lesson 2: Learn Wolof Lesson # 2 : https://youtu.be/bj9yTCno7_s. The Wolof people's traditional culture and practices have survived the colonial era and are a strong element of the Senegalese culture. Typically, the chief is also a Muslim religious leader, called seriñ (marabout). Wolof is a language of Senegal. [7][23], In the late 19th century, as the French colonial forces launched a war against the Wolof kingdoms, the Wolof people resisted the French and triggered the start of near-universal conversion of the Wolof people in Senegambia to Islam. Later politico-religious changes, such as those brought during the Wolof Empire era, introduced major changes in the social structure among the Wolofs and many other ethnic groups, including a shift to a patrilineal system. [7], Details of the pre-Islamic religious traditions of the Wolof are unknown, and their oral traditions state them to have been adherents of Islam since the founding king of Jolof. Territory size shows the proportion of all people who speak Wolof as a first language that live in that territory. Their name as the Wolof first appears in the records of 15th-century Portuguese travelers. The vast majority of Wolof people are Sunni Muslims. The Jolof or Wolof Empire was a medieval West African state that ruled parts of Senegal and the Gambia from approximately 1350 to 1890. Wolof (ISO Language) Wolof: Baol; Wolof: Cayor; Wolof: Dyolof; Wolof: Jander; Wolof: Lebou; Wolof: Ndyanger; Wolof: Urban Wolof; People Groups who speak Wolof. [27][28] It is the most widely spoken language in Senegal, spoken natively by the Wolof people (40% of the population) but also by most other Senegalese as a second language. [29], The divisions, the endogamy among Wolof castes, social and political groups have persisted into the post-colonial independent Senegal. The sale of weapons and horses to the Wolof elites and warriors made slave-raiding easier. [46][47], The Wolof people are traditionally settled, farmers and artisans. Roughly 36% of the population there speak it as a first language. While only ever consolidated into a single state structure for part of this time, the tradition of governance, caste, and culture of the Wolof dominate the history of north-central Senegal for much of the last 800 years. Further notes on the data, as well as all modifications to the original data source are noted in our data sheets. Wolof (/ Ë w É l É f /) is a language of Senegal, the Gambia, and Mauritania, and the native language of the Wolof people. Für etwa 50 % der Bevölkerung des Landes ist es die Muttersprache, weitere 20 bis 30 % sprechen es als Zweitsprache und viele Nicht-Wolof sprechen diese Sprache auf muttersprachlichem Niveau. [35] The leatherworkers, for example, were considered the lowest of the nyenyo because their occupation involving animal skins was considered dirty. Includes free vocabulary trainer, verb tables and pronunciation function. [citation needed][16] According to Gamble, this migration likely occurred at the end of 11th century when the Ghana Empire fell to the Muslim armies from Sudan. Multiple marriages have been common, with many Wolof households featuring two wives. "Dakar-Wolof," for instance, is an urban mixture of Wolof, French, and Arabic. [18], Slavery has been a part of the Wolof people since their earliest known history. Wolof is spoken by nearly 4 million first-language speakers, in at least six territories. Men of certain caste are smiths, leatherworkers, weavers (now the profession of former slave descendants). [6], Their early history is unclear and based on oral traditions that link the Wolof to the Almoravids. [Gabriel Manessy; Serge Sauvageot;] Wolof culture and language have an enormous influence, especially in urban areas. [37][38] However, according to Susan McIntosh, a professor of anthropology specializing in African societies, the emergence of caste systems in West African societies such as the Wolof, Mande, Malinke, Serer, and Soninke was likely older. Older French publications frequently employ the spelling Ouolof; up to the 19th century, the spellings Wolluf, Volof, and Olof are also encountered, among rarer variants like Yolof, Dylof, Chelof, Galof, Lolof, and others. In and after the 18th century, the Wolofs were impacted by the violent jihads in West Africa, which triggered internal disagreements about Islam among the Wolof. A compound traditionally operates a joint kitchen, but if there are internal disputes then each family unit cooks separately. [6][13] In English, Wollof and Woloff[3] are found, particularly in reference to the Gambian Wolof; for English-speakers, the spelling Wollof is closer to the native pronunciation of the name.