namibia kolonialzeit referat
When the United Kingdom took control of the Cape Colony in 1805, they also took over Walvis Bay. "People and the environment in colonial Namibia. They launched a joint diplomatic effort to bring an internationally acceptable transition to independence for Namibia. They were able to do this since SWAPO had a two-thirds majority in both the National Assembly of Namibia and the National Council, which is the minimum needed to amend the constitution. He left SWAPO and became one of the founding members of COD in 1998, after clashing with his party on several questions. Their booking on Pan Am 103 was cancelled at the last minute and Pik Botha, together with a smaller delegation, caught the earlier Pan Am 101 flight to New York. The Nama only settled in southern Africa and southern Namibia during the first century B.C. In 1805 the London Missionary Society began working in Namibia, moving north from the Cape Colony. In 1977, the Western Contact Group (WCG) was formed including Canada, France, West Germany, the United Kingdom, and the United States. The first attack of this kind was the battle at Omugulugwombashe on 26 August. The next European to visit Namibia was also a Portuguese, Bartholomeu Dias, who stopped at what today is Walvis Bay and Lüderitz (which he named Angra Pequena) on his way to round the Cape of Good Hope. Mittlerweile sprechen wir von Völkermord an den Herero und Nama, begangen durch deutsche Truppen. This followed three years of bilateral negotiations between the two governments and the establishment of a transitional Joint Administrative Authority (JAA) in November 1992 to administer the 780 km2 (300 sq mi) territory. Von ihnen sind 50 Prozent Lutheraner, 20 Prozent Katholiken, 5 Prozent Mitglieder der Niederländischen Reformierten Kirche und 5 Prozent Anglikaner. Die berühmten Felsmalereien von Twyfelfontein sind jüngere Belege frühgeschichtlicher Besiedlung. Coordinates: 22°S 17°E Namibia (/ nəˈmɪbiə / (listen), / næˈ -/), officially the Republic of Namibia, is a country in Southern Africa. Namibia and the Land Question", "2004 UNHCR Statistical Yearbook – Namibia", "Main treason trial set to soldier on in September", "Caprivi treason trial up and running again", "History and economy – Namibia Travel Guide", Lawyers' Committee for Civil Rights Under Law, "Chronology of Namibian History: From Precolonial Times to Independent Namibia", "People and culture – Namibia Travel Guide", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_Namibia&oldid=1012623073, Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference, Articles with unsourced statements from May 2017, Wikipedia articles needing clarification from May 2015, Articles with unsourced statements from August 2012, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, Botha, Christo. Dabei handelte sich vor allem um die Stämme der Herero und Ovambo, deren Nachfahren auch heute noch in Namibia leben. In 1999 Namibia signed a mutual defence pact with its northern neighbour Angola. These tragic events, known as the Herero and Namaqua Genocide, resulted in the death of between 24,000 and 65,000 Herero (estimated at 50% to 70% of the total Herero population) and 10,000 Nama (50% of the total Nama population). The treaty allowed the Namaqua to keep their arms, and Witbooi was released having given his word of honour not to continue with the Hottentot uprising. Forces of the Namibian government struck back and arrested a number of alleged CLA supporters. In 1793 the Dutch authority in the Cape decided to take control of Walvis Bay, since it was the only good deep-water harbour along the Skeleton Coast. On 17 December 1920, South Africa undertook administration of South West Africa under the terms of Article 22 of the Covenant of the League of Nations and a Class C Mandate agreement by the League Council. Diese sollten die Besiedlung der Weißen zulassen und im Gegenzug Schutz durch deutsche Truppen erhalten. Ben Ulenga is a former SWAPO member and Deputy Minister of Environment and Tourism, and High Commissioner to the United Kingdom. Deutsch-Südwestafrika war von 1884 bis 1915 eine deutsche Kolonie (auch Schutzgebiet) auf dem Gebiet des heutigen Staates Namibia. There is no reliable indication as to which ethnic groups created them. ", Kössler, Reinhart. Most of them reside in the refugee camp Osire north of Windhoek. Almost 98% of registered voters turned out to elect members of the Constituent Assembly. Soon after declaring Lüderitz and a vast area along the Atlantic coast a German protectorate, German troops were deployed as conflicts with the native tribes flared up, most significantly with the Namaqua. He soon renamed the coastal area after himself, giving it the name Lüderitz. Following World War II, the League of Nations was dissolved in April 1946 and its successor, the United Nations, instituted a Trusteeship system to bring all of the former German colonies in Africa under UN control. The Tripartite Accord, comprising a bilateral agreement between Cuba and Angola, and a tripartite agreement between Angola, Cuba and South Africa whereby South Africa agreed to hand control of Namibia to the United Nations, were signed at UN headquarters in New York City on 22 December 1988. Sie erbauten eine Stadt, die dem Wind stark ausgesetzt war und die man deshalb als "windiges Eck" bezeichnete. In a 1971 advisory opinion, the International Court of Justice upheld UN authority over Namibia, determining that the South African presence in Namibia was illegal and that South Africa therefore was obliged to withdraw its administration from Namibia immediately. Bereits in den 70er-Jahren hatten sich hanseatische Handelshäuser an der Küste Westafrikas neben britischen Firmen eine führende Position erobert. While having complex flora and fauna, it is a fragile and sparsely covered environment unsuitable for pastoral or agricultural activities. Auch die aus dem Süden stammenden Nama zogen nach Namibia. Der Völkerbund sprach das Land 1920 Südafrika als Mandatsgebiet zu. In the Brandberg Mountains, there are numerous rock paintings, most of them originating from around 2000 B.C. Believing that Britain was soon about to declare the whole area a protectorate, Lüderitz advised the German chancellor Otto von Bismarck to claim it. South Africa objected arguing that a majority of the territory's people were content with South African rule. The settlers were encouraged by the government to expropriate land from the natives, and forced labour – hard to distinguish from slavery – was used. [2] During the land crisis in Zimbabwe, where the government confiscated white farmers' land by force, fears rose among the white minority and the western world that the same method would be used in Namibia.[28]. A further 400 such personnel were demobilized on 30 October. [27], President Sam Nujoma has been vocal in his support of Zimbabwe and its president Robert Mugabe. At its peak in 2001 there were over 30,000 Angolan refugees in Namibia. Er war Führer der SWAPO. Stone artifacts, human figures, and animals such as giraffes, rhinoceroses, and zebras are depicted. The elections were held in November 1989, overseen by foreign observers, and were certified as free and fair by the UN Special Representative, with SWAPO taking 57% of the vote, just short of the two-thirds necessary to have a free hand in revising the framework constitution that had been formulated not by UN Commissioner Bernt Carlsson but by the South African appointee Louis Pienaar. The government in Pretoria now finally gives up its policy of stalling on Namibia's independence. [26] Intense diplomatic activity characterized the next 7 months, as the parties worked out agreements to bring peace to the region and make possible the implementation of UN Security Council Resolution 435 (UNSCR 435). Der Kolonialismus (lat. Jahrhundert kamen die Buren aus den Niederlanden, die sich zuvor in Südafrika niedergelassen hatten, auch nach Namibia. Ab 1806 permanente britische Kronkolonie. Namibia liegt in Südwest-Afrika (in der Kolonialzeit der Deutschen hieß es ja Südwest). Sie errichteten Handelsniederlassungen entlang der Küste und christianisierten im Laufe der Zeit die Bevölkerung, mit der rege Handelsbeziehungen aufgenommen wurden. Its western border is the Atlantic Ocean; it shares land borders with Zambia and Angola to the north, Botswana to the east and South Africa to the south and east. clock. This resulted in warfare between the Herero and the Oorlams as well as between the two of them and the Damara, who were the original inhabitants of the area. Das Schutzgebiet umfasste nun mit Deutsch-Südwestafrika, dem heutigen Namibia, seine endgültigen Grenzen. Wesentliche Abschnitte der Moderne stellen die deutsche Kolonialzeit, das Völkerbundmandat in Ausübung durch südafrikanische Verwaltungsbehörden sowie die Unabhängigkeitsbemühungen im letzten Drittel des 20. Doch sowohl die Herero als auch die Nama mussten erkennen, dass dies nur vorgeschobene Gründe waren. In 1915, during World War I, South Africa launched a military campaign and occupied the German colony of South West Africa. Er war Führer der SWAPO. [ © "Das Buch von unseren Kolonien" von Ottomar Beta / gemeinfrei ]. Both groups belonged to the Bantu nation. Multiparty democracy was introduced and has been maintained, with local, regional and national elections held regularly. Herero language, a language of the Bantu family (Niger-Congo group). März 1990 Bevölkerung 2,1 Millionen Einwohner, 14-15 % unter Armutsgrenze Amtssprache Englisch (Oshivambo, Khoekhoegowab,Afrikaans und Deutsch) Wirtschaft Bergbau, Landwirtschaft undTourismus Arbeitslosigkeit 29-30 % Währung NAD (1:1Wechselkurs zu ZAR, 100 NAD = 6,75 EUR) Verkehr … The so-called "Constructive Engagement" by US diplomatic interests was viewed negatively by those who supported internationally recognised independence, while to others US policy seemed to be aimed more towards restraining Soviet-Cuban influence in Angola and linking that to the issue of Namibian independence. pin. Nevertheless, discussions proceeded with UN Commissioner for Namibia N°2 Martti Ahtisaari who played a key role in getting the Constitutional Principles agreed in 1982 by the front-line states, SWAPO, and the Western Contact Group. Dennoch hat er dem jungen namibischen Staat Frieden und eine gewisse politische Stabilität gebracht und sich vor allem für eine Aussöhnung zwischen der weißen und schwarzen Bevölkerung eingesetzt. Im 15. In 1884 Bismarck did so, thereby establishing German South West Africa as a colony (Deutsch-Südwestafrika in German). The WCG's efforts led to the presentation in 1978 of Security Council Resolution 435 for settling the Namibian problem. Gegen Ende des 15. This agreement created the framework for Namibia's democratic constitution. Rock paintings and engravings at Twyfelfontein, in northwest Namibia, have shed light on the early San hunter-gatherers who once inhabited the area. Cuba, South Africa, and the People's Republic of Angola agreed to a complete withdrawal of foreign troops from Angola. Hifikepunye Pohamba wurde 2005 Nachfolger von Nujoma. The painted stone plates that exist from that time not only prove that these settlements existed, they also belong among the oldest works of art in the world. "From Labour Elites to Garveyites: West African Migrant Labour in Namibia, 1892–1925.". In 1998, with one year until the scheduled presidential election when Sam Nujoma would not be allowed to participate in since he had already served the two terms that the constitution allows, SWAPO amended the constitution, allowing three terms instead of two. By 9 February 1990, the Constituent Assembly had drafted and adopted a constitution. Namibia (amtlich: Republik Namibia; deutsche Aussprache: ... Infolge der Missionierung während der Kolonialzeit sind rund 87 Prozent der Namibier Christen, womit das Land deutlich über dem afrikanischen Durchschnitt liegt. Im Januar 1904 erhoben sich die Herero im ehemaligen Deutsch-Südwestafrika, dem heutigen Namibia, gegen die weißen Kolonialherren aus.. Herero may refer to: Herero people, a people belonging to the Bantu group, with about 240,000 members alive today. The transition got off to a shaky start. [25] In: ERNST, T. and MEIN, G., eds., Literatur als Interdiskurs: Realismus und Normalismus, Interkulturalität und Intermedialität von der Moderne bis zur Gegenwart. The Basters settled in central Namibia, where they founded the city Rehoboth. The ongoing local rebellions escalated in 1904 into the Herero and Namaqua Wars when the Herero attacked remote farms on the countryside, killing approximately 150 Germans. 1; Kommentaar ; Wouter. [22] The transition from the 15-year rule of President Sam Nujoma to his successor, Hifikepunye Pohamba in 2005 went smoothly.[23]. The settlement proposal, as it became known, was worked out after lengthy consultations with South Africa, the front-line states (Angola, Botswana, Mozambique, Tanzania, Zambia, and Zimbabwe), SWAPO, UN officials, and the Western Contact Group. The Court also advised UN member states to refrain from implying legal recognition or assistance to the South African presence. Überblick über Namibia. [3] Marie-Aude Baronian, Stephan Besser, Yolande Jansen, "Diaspora and memory: figures of displacement in contemporary literature, arts and politics", Rodopi, 2007, pg. [citation needed] As with the Oorlams, they were forced northwards by the expansion of white settlers when, in 1868, a group of about 90 families crossed the Orange River into Namibia. The people of Namibia have every reason to be proud of these fourteen years of independence. Die Nachbarstaaten sind Namibia, Botswana, Simbabwe, ... 1652 beginnende niederländische Kolonialzeit. Nujoma was succeeded as President of Namibia by Hifikepunye Pohamba in 2005. Under the leadership of Jonker Afrikaner, the Oorlams used their superior weapons to take control of the best grazing land. South African foreign minister, Pik Botha, and an official delegation of 22 had a lucky escape. In the beginning of the war the Herero, under the leadership of chief Samuel Maharero had the upper hand. He tried without great success to apply the principle of "colonialism without bloodshed". His place was taken by acting president J. Christiaan Heunis. But colonial settlement in the area was limited, and neither the Dutch nor the British penetrated far into the country. On the dismissal (1966) by the International Court of Justice of a complaint brought by Ethiopia and Liberia against South Africa's continued presence in the territory, the U.N. General Assembly revoked South Africa's mandate. [8] The Damara were displaced by the fighting and many were killed. Namibia's colonial and Apartheid past had resulted in a situation where about 20 percent of the population owned about 75 percent of all the land. Deutsch-Südwestafrika war die einzige der deutschen Kolonien, in der sich eine nennenswerte Anzahl deutscher Siedler niederließ. Political prisoners were granted amnesty, discriminatory legislation was repealed, South Africa withdrew all its forces from Namibia, and some 42,000 refugees returned safely and voluntarily under the auspices of the Office of the UN High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR). The official currency of Namibia is the Namibian Dollar (N$), which is subdivided into 100 cents.Namibia (along with Lesotho, South Africa and Swaziland) is a member of the Southern African Common Monetary Area, and as such the Namibian Dollar is pegged 1:1 to the South African Rand (ZAR).Both the Namibian Dollar and South African Rand are legal tender in Namibia, though change … The civil war in Angola had a limited impact on Namibians living in the north of the country. "History, memory, and commemorations: on genocide and colonial past in South West Africa. Kontakt; Impressum ; Upload; Suche Hausaufgaben ... die Kolonialzeit im 18. UNTAG's Martti Ahtisaari took advice from Margaret Thatcher, who was visiting Southern Africa at the time, and authorized a limited contingent of South African troops to assist the South West African Police in restoring order. Das heutige Namibia wurde die … In June 1989, the Special Representative told the Administrator-General that this behavior was totally inconsistent with the settlement proposal, which required the police to be lightly armed. In contrast to the San and Damara, they lived on the livestock they bred themselves. As a result, relations between the German settlers and the natives deteriorated. anderen imperialistische Staaten hatten Welt längst aufgeteilt geringe wirtschaftliche Vorteile Interessenkonflikte Herero Flüchtlinge Inbesitznahme Argumente für Kolonien "Ich will gar keine Kolonien, die sind nur zu Versorgungsposten gut." "Die Schatten der Vergangenheit": Kolonialzeit und Geschichtspolitik in Bernhard Jaumanns Namibia-Krimis. This agreement, known as the Brazzaville Protocol, established a Joint Monitoring Commission (JMC) with the United States and the Soviet Union as observers. Nonetheless, in December 1978, in defiance of the UN proposal, it unilaterally held elections, which were boycotted by SWAPO and a few other political parties. Diese Stadt ist unter der Bezeichnung "Windhoek" auch heute noch die Hauptstadt des Landes. In 1959, the colonial forces in Windhoek sought to remove black residents further away from the white area of town. The genocide was characterized by widespread death by starvation and from consumption of well water which had been poisoned by the Germans in the Namib Desert.[10][11][12]. Aus Deutsch-Südwestafrika wird Namibia Für Namibia endete die Kolonialzeit erst vor 20 Jahren: Als letztes Land auf dem Kontinent wurde das ehemalige "Deutsch-Südwest", seit … "Entangled history and politics: Negotiating the past between Namibia and Germany. Only a few of them managed to escape into neighbouring British territories. Twyfelfontein was … This page was last edited on 17 March 2021, at 11:59. Former UN Commissioner N°2 and now UN Special Representative Martti Ahtisaari arrived in Windhoek in April 1989 to head the UN Transition Assistance Group's (UNTAG) mission.[19]. The Afrikaners soon came in conflict with the Herero who entered Damaraland from the south at about the same time as the Afrikaner started to expand farther north from Namaqualand. Im Ersten Weltkrieg wurde das Gebiet 1915 von Truppen der Südafrikanischen Union erobert, unter deren Militärverwaltung gestellt und 1919 gemäß de… The defence pact allowed Angolan troops to use Namibian territory when attacking UNITA. The history of Namibia has passed through several distinct stages from being colonised in the late nineteenth century to Namibia's independence on 21 March 1990.. From 1884, Namibia was a German colony: German South West Africa.After the First World War, the League of Nations Mandated South Africa to administer the territory. In 1998, Namibia Defence Force (NDF) troops were sent to the Democratic Republic of the Congo as part of a Southern African Development Community (SADC) contingent. The first territorial claim on a part of Namibia came when Britain occupied Walvis Bay, confirming the settlement of 1797, and permitted the Cape Colony to annex it in 1878. "Images of History and the Nation: Namibia and Zimbabwe compared. 1880 bis 1918. Eine. At the Ronald Reagan/Mikhail Gorbachev summit in Moscow (29 May – 1 June 1988) between leaders of the United States and the Soviet Union, it was decided that Cuban troops would be withdrawn from Angola, and Soviet military aid would cease, as soon as South Africa withdrew from Namibia. Kolonialzeit. The Namaqua's resistance proved to be unsuccessful, however, and in 1894 Witbooi was forced to sign a "protection treaty" with the Germans. They rarely ventured south to the central parts of the country, since the conditions there did not suit their farming way of life, but they extensively traded their knives and agricultural implements. He did not approve of the amendment to the constitution, and criticised Namibia's involvement in Congo. Mit einer Fläche von 835.100 km² war es ungefähr anderthalbmal so groß wie das Deutsche Kaiserreich. Contemporary media called the conflict "The Hottentot Uprising". These demobilizations were supervised by UNTAG military monitors.[20]. Bis zu diesem Zeitpunkt war er immer wiedergewählt worden. Im November 1989 hatten zuvor die ersten freien Wahlen stattgefunden, bei denen die SWAPO 57 Prozent der Stimmen erhielt. An apology was sought in more recent times.