clemens august graf von galen geschwister
Maria Franziska Carolina Josepha Ferdinanda von Etzbach, 20. De Duitse geestelijk leider Clemens August Graf von Galen werd in 1878 geboren in Dinklage (Münsterland). [55] Galen feared that German Catholics were being relegated to second-class status in Hitler's Germany and believed Hitler was missing the point that the Catholic Church and the state could be aligned against Bolshevism. One of them was the future SS General Jürgen Stroop, who later recalled, "Bishop von Galen was a great gentleman, a true aristocrat, a Renaissance prince of the Church. Graf Franz Joseph von Sternberg-Manderscheid, 15. Oktober 1933 durch den Erzbischof von Köln, Karl Joseph Kardinal Schulte; Kardinalserhebung: 18. May God reward you for it. Von Galen studeerde van 1898 tot 1903 theologie in Innsbruck, waarna hij in Münster zijn studie afmaakte in een priesterseminaar. [9] In 1899 he met Pope Leo XIII in a private audience. Omdat Pruisen de Stella Matutina-academie niet erkende, genoot Clemens de laatste jaren van zijn opleiding dicht bij huis. Een Britse militair die voor MI5 werkte kenmerkte Von Galen als een "doorgewinterde Duitse nationalist" (maar antinazi) die het karakter "van een eik" had. In a joint interview with British officials, Galen told the international press that "just as I fought against Nazi injustices, I will fight any injustice, no matter where it comes from". [21] By early 1937, the church hierarchy in Germany, which had initially attempted to co-operate with the Nazi government, had become highly disillusioned. Zijn gedenkdag is 22 maart, tevens zijn sterfdag. Zijn zaligverklaringsproces werd in 1955 in gang gezet en in november 2004 positief afgesloten. [32], While the Nazi extermination of Jewish people took place primarily on Polish territory, the murder of people with disabilities (viewed by the nazi regime as "invalid" individuals) became public knowledge because it took place on German soil and interfered directly in Catholic and Protestant welfare institutions. [64], While not as explicit and not as effective as the vocal German episcopate's 1941 protests, in September 1943, von Galen and his fellow bishops in Germany drafted another condemnation of Nazi racial persecution and ordered it to be read from all pulpits in the diocese of Münster and across the German Empire, therein denouncing the killing of "the innocent and defenceless mentally handicapped and mentally ill, the incurably infirm and fatally wounded, innocent hostages and disarmed prisoners of war and criminal offenders, people of foreign race or descent". "[26] Galen began by commending Stroop's mother for her devout Catholicism, then categorically refused to accept or praise Rosenberg's doctrines of euthanizing or forcibly sterilizing the disabled. In August 1917 he visited the front lines in France and found the optimistic morale of the troops uplifting. [33] The regime initiated its euthanasia program in 1939. Herr Rosenberg must be taken seriously if the German situation is to be understood. Members of religious orders were still being deported or jailed. Galen then remarked that a regime which can do away with the Fifth Commandment ("Thou shalt not kill.") Clemens August von Galen (Dinklage, 16 maart 1878 - Münster, 22 maart 1946) was een Duits kardinaal. He spoke against Hitler's theory of the purity of German blood. De catastrofale voedselvoorziening in de westelijke bezettingszones weet hij aan de "Anglo-Amerikanen", die de Duitse bevolking door een hongersnood zouden willen breken. In 1897 begon hij aan verschillende opleidingen, waaronder literatuur, geschiedenis en filosofie. In 1897 he began to study a variety of topics, including literature, history, and philosophy. Go on working for Him... oh, you dear Saviour!" Freiin Elisabeth Augusta von Hompesch-Bollheim, 29. Despite numerous British obstacles and denial of air travel, Galen arrived in Rome 5 February 1946. De tekst is beschikbaar onder de licentie. [52] Generalmajor Hans Oster, a devout Lutheran and a leading member of the German Resistance, once said of Galen:[53]. Clemens-August Graf von Galen wurde geboren im Jahr 1925, Sohn von Franz Joseph Graf von Galen und Antonie baroness of Weichs zur Wenne. [66] Thus when Bishop Galen delivered his famous 1941 denunciations of Nazi euthanasia and the lawlessness of the Gestapo, he also said that the Church had never sought the "overthrow of the Reich government". [39] On 3 August 1941, in one of his series of denunciations, Galen declared:[41]. (2009). [3] After serving in Berlin parishes from 1906 to 1929, he became the pastor of Münster's St. Lamberti Church, where he was noted for his political conservatism before being appointed Bishop of Münster in 1933. Clemens August von Galen Clemens August Graf von Galen (1878-1946) werd op 9 oktober 2005 in Rome zalig verklaard. [35] The programme systematically murdered more than 70,000 people between September 1939 and August 1941. [24] In January 1934, he criticized Nazi racial policy in a sermon and, in subsequent homilies, equated unquestioning loyalty to the Reich with "slavery". [21] Galen often protested against violations of the Concordat to Hitler directly. If there were, Germany would look quite different! "Thou shalt not kill." The Blessed Clemens August Graf von Galen (16 March 1878 – 22 March 1946) was a German count, Bishop of Münster, and cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church. . Prozessionsweg soll an Clemens August Graf von Galen erinnern. At a meeting in Münster of the Association of Catholic Academicians in June 1933, Galen spoke against those scholars who had criticised the Nazi government and called for "a just and objective evaluation of [Hitler's] new political movement". Until his death, he refused to recognize that referring to Jews as "degenerate", "rejected", and "lost" or labeling anarchy or liberalism as "Jewish", in any way aided the Nazi regime or and its racist antisemitism. Clemens August von Galen behoorde tot een van de oudste adellijke families van Westfalen. Clemens August werd geboren in het katholieke zuidelijke deel van het groothertogdom Oldenburg, te Dinklage in de huidige deelstaat Nedersaksen. It was one of the first instances where the Reichskonkordat was used by the Church against the government, which was one of the intentions of Pope Pius XI. Sie sollen an das Wirken des Kardinals erinnern. "[16] He believed the stab-in-the-back myth, which held that the German Army hadn't been defeated in battle but by being undermined by defeatist elements on the home front[17] and, as did most Germans, considered the Treaty of Versailles unjust. It seems that the patterns of non-implementation of child protection, denial and non-action and unwillingness to meet with victims and survivors is indeed universal in the Universal (=Catholic) Church. "[15] In 1916 and 1917 he welcomed reports that the German military had a plan to colonize Eastern Europe, stating that German Catholics should be moved into the area, especially Lithuania, with the goal not of expelling the Lithuanians, but educating them to think and feel as Germans.[15]. In 1904 werd Clemens von Galen tot priester gewijd. [37] In a Table Talk from 1942, Hitler said: "The fact that I remain silent in public over Church affairs is not in the least misunderstood by the sly foxes of the Catholic Church, and I am quite sure that a man like Bishop von Galen knows full well that after the war I shall extract retribution to the last farthing". Galen's three powerful sermons of July and August 1941 earned him the nickname of the "Lion of Münster". [4][5] The sermons were illegally circulated in print, inspiring some German Resistance groups, including the White Rose. This article is within the scope of WikiProject Biography, a collaborative effort to create, develop and organize Wikipedia's articles about people. Clemens August werd geboren in het katholieke zuidelijke deel van het groothertogdom Oldenburg, te Dinklage in de huidige deelstaat Nedersaksen. Heinz Mussinghoff, Rassenwahn in Münster, Der Judenpogrom 1938 und Bischof Clemens August Graf von Galen, Regensberg Verlag, Münster, 1989, pp. However, like other bishops, according to Kuropka, Galen missed the right time to “escape into the public eye” on the question of the persecution of the Jews, which Galen later claimed to have blamed himself for. His views on Communism were largely formed as a consequence of the Stalinization and relentless persecution of Christians within the Soviet Union after 1918, during which virtually all Catholic bishops were either killed or forced underground. Für die Nazis war er zwar ein rotes Tuch, für die Katholiken im Bistum Münster aber dennoch eine Identifikationsfigur: Clemens August Graf von Galen, von 1933 bis 1946 Bischof von Münster. Al in 1936 en 1937 steunde hij protestacties tegen het nazi-onderwijsbeleid, onder andere tegen het verwijderen van kruisbeelden uit Duitse scholen. The Third Reich at War. [3] In 1933, Galen was elected bishop of Münster, although he was not the popular candidate to succeed the previous bishop, Johannes Poggenburg, and was selected only after other candidates had declined to be nominated and despite a protest from the Papal Nuncio Cesare Orsenigo, who reported that Galen was bossy and paternalistic in his public utterances. On second review, a Canadian general, finding only "a mass of circumstantial evidence", commuted Meyer's death sentence to imprisonment. Hierop volgde een strikt Gestapo-huisarrest dat tot het binnentrekken van het Engelse leger in april 1945 zou duren. Clemens August Graf von Galen was beatified on 9 October 2005 outside St. Peter's Basilica by Pope Benedict XVI, the 47th anniversary of the death of Pope Pius (1958). The sermons were printed and distributed illegally. As parish priest, he encouraged his parishioners to serve their country willingly. [49] Ian Kershaw called Galen's "open attack" on the government's euthanasia programme in 1941 a "vigorous denunciation of Nazi inhumanity and barbarism". Personen. Hij studeerde aan de Theologische Faculteit in Innsbruck, opgericht in 1669 door de jezuïeten, waar de scholastieke filosofie werd benadrukt en nieuwe concepten en ideeën werden vermeden. [60] In his résumé, Kuropka emphasized the uniqueness of the brochure distribution and the prayer campaign in Galen's diocese of Münster. März 1878 in Dinklage; Priesterweihe: 28. While some clergymen refused ever to feign support for the regime, in the Church's conflict with the State over ecclesiastical autonomy, the Catholic hierarchy adopted a strategy of "seeming acceptance of the Third Reich", by couching their criticisms as motivated merely by a desire to "point out mistakes that some of its overzealous followers committed" in order to strengthen the government. Clemens Augustinus Emmanuel Joseph Pius Anthonius Hubertus Marie Graf[2] von Galen (16 March 1878 – 22 March 1946), better known as Clemens August Graf von Galen, was a German count, Bishop of Münster, and cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church. [6], Following this, in September 1943, another condemnation was read at the order of von Galen and other bishops from all Catholic pulpits in the diocese of Münster and across the German Empire, denouncing the killing of "the innocent and defenceless mentally handicapped and mentally ill, the incurably infirm and fatally wounded, innocent hostages and disarmed prisoners of war and criminal offenders, people of a foreign race or descent". He espoused the stab-in-the-back theory: that the German military was defeated in 1918 only because it had been undermined by defeatist elements on the home front. Namensbedeutung: „Clemens“ ist lateinisch und heißt „der Milde/Gütige“. Na de inname van het plat gebombardeerde Münster door de geallieerden, wilden Engelse en Amerikaanse journalisten allemaal interviews afnemen van de bisschop die de nationaalsocialistische staatsterreur getrotseerd had en zich publiekelijk tegen Hitler had uitgesproken. … Münster werd in 1938 de plek van brekend glas. [42] His attacks on the Nazis were so severe that Nazi official Walter Tiessler proposed in a letter to Martin Bormann that the Bishop of Münster be executed. Graf Carl-Wilhelm von Spee (1758–1810) 12. [26] In Stroop's view, Galen's German patriotism "was tainted by Papist ideals, which have been harmful to Germany for centuries. [29] There were mass arrests of clergy and church publishing houses were expropriated, followed by widely spread abuse allegations and staged morality trials against members of religious orders and priests. Ten gevolge van de Spaanse Successieoorlog raakte zijn familie verspreid en bleef hij tot in 1715 onder huisarrest in Wenen. [30], In 1941 Galen welcomed the German war against the USSR as a positive development[31] as he had rallied also to the cause of Germany when Hitler invaded Poland, offering a patriotic benediction. Born into the German aristocracy, Galen received part of his education in Austria-Hungary from the Jesuits at the Stella Matutina School in the town of Feldkirch. In 1899 ontmoette hij paus Leo XIII in een privé-audiëntie. [citation needed] Although von Galen boldly spoke out against Nazi policies and the euthanasia programme, an historian alleged that Galen remained silent on other issues such as the roundup, deportation and mass murder of Jews. [39] The resulting local protests in Germany broke the secrecy that had surrounded the euthanasia programme known as Aktion T4. He expressed his opposition to secularism in his book Die Pest des Laizismus und ihre Erscheinungsformen (The Plague of Laicism and its Forms of Expression) (1932). The British authorities ordered him to renounce the sermon immediately, but the bishop refused. At a time when the Jesuits were still not permitted in Münster, he received his main schooling at a Jesuit School, Stella Matutina in the Vorarlberg, Austria, where only Latin was spoken. Matthias. * 16.03.1878 in Dinklage. After his ordination he worked in Berlin at Saint Matthias. Evans, Richard J. Tot 1890 kregen Clemens August en zijn broer Franz thuisonderwijs. [20] In 1933, when the Nazi school superintendent of Münster issued a decree that religious instruction be combined with discussion of the "demoralising power" of the "people of Israel", Galen refused, writing that such interference in the school curriculum was a breach of the Concordat and that he feared children would be confused as to their "obligation to act with charity to all men" and as to the historical mission of the people of Israel. De naam "von Galen" werd al lang in verband gebracht met de regio: de von Galens woond… This is murder, he exclaimed, unlawful by divine and German law, a rejection of the laws of God. [47] A year later, the euthanasia programme was still active, but the regime was conducting it in greater secrecy. Clemens August Graf von Galen (16. maaliskuuta 1878 Dinklage, Oldenburgin Münsterinmaa – 22. maaliskuuta 1946 Münster, Westfalen) oli toisen maailmansodan aikana Münsterin katolinen piispa Saksassa.Hän vastusti pelkäämättä sekä natsi-Saksan että liittoutuneiden miehitysjoukkojen mielivaltaisuuksia. Clemens August von Galen (n.16 martie 1878, Dinklage — d. 22 martie 1946, Münster) a fost un episcop romano-catolic german care s-a ridicat împotriva ororilor săvârșite de regimul nazist.Pentru curajul cu care i s-a opus lui Adolf Hitler, a fost supranumit "Leul de Münster". Galen did not protest the antisemitic 1935 Nuremberg Laws, or the Kristallnacht pogrom of 1938. Clemens August Antonius Ignatz von Ketteler, 25. [37] He attacked the Gestapo for converting church properties to their own purposes – including use as cinemas and brothels. [11] Soon he moved to Berlin, where he worked as parish priest at St. Documents suggest the Nazis intended to hang him at the end of the war. El beat Clemens August Graf von Galen (16 de març de 1878 - 22 de març de 1946) va ser un comte alemany, bisbe de Münster i cardenal de l'Església catòlica romana.Durant la Segona Guerra Mundial , von Galen va liderar la protesta catòlica contra l'eutanàsia nazi i va denunciar la improcedència de la Gestapo i la persecució de l'Església. His term as bishop thus closely coincided with the Chancellorship of Adolf Hitler.. He pointed to the Russians also as among those who had not respected God-given authority. Begin 1946 reisde hij naar Rome om er door paus Pius XII tot kardinaal benoemd te worden. As a proponent of Christian legal opinion, which states that you are only responsible for your own deeds, I support the plea for clemency for General Meyer and pledge for a pardon." Deze pagina is voor het laatst bewerkt op 31 jan 2021 om 14:53. [17] Galen openly supported the Protestant Paul von Hindenburg against the Centre Party's candidate, Wilhelm Marx, in the presidential elections of 1925. In 1903 verliet von Galen Innsbruck om naar het seminarie in Münster te gaan, en hij werd tot priester gewijd op 28 mei 1904. In 1936, when the Nazis removed crucifixes from schools, Galen's protest led to a public demonstration. De naam "von Galen" werd al lang in verband gebracht met de regio: de von Galens woonden daar al sinds 1667. He denounced the Nazis for trying to introduce Germanic neo-paganism into his diocese. In eerste instantie werkte hij voor een familielid, de hulpbisschop van Münster, als aalmoezenier. 67-99. [75] Generous American cardinals financed his Roman stay, as German money was not in demand. Clemens Augustinus Emmanuel Joseph Pius Anthonius Hubertus Marie Graf von Galen (lahir 16 Maret 1878 – meninggal 22 Maret 1946 pada umur 68 tahun), yang lebih dikenal sebagai Clemens August Graf von Galen, adalah seorang Uskup Münster, dan kardinal Gereja Katolik Roma. Church leaders who opposed it – chiefly Bishop Galen and Theophil Wurm, the Lutheran Bishop of Württemberg – were able to rouse widespread public opposition.